May 21st, 2020 by Oleg Afonin
Category: «Elcomsoft News», «Tips & Tricks»

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BitLocker is one of the most advanced and most commonly used volume encryption solutions. BitLocker is well-studied and extensively documented solution with few known vulnerabilities and a limited number of possible vectors of attack. BitLocker volumes may be protected with one or more protectors such as the hardware-bound TPM, user-selectable password, USB key, or combination thereof. Attacking the password is only possible in one of these cases, while other protectors require a very different set of attacks. Learn how to approach BitLocker volumes depending on the type of protector.

Under the Hood

The Introduction to BitLocker: Protecting Your System Disk describes how BitLocker works from the user’s perspective. Let’s dig into more details about the various encryption keys used by BitLocker to protect your data and the encryption key.

BitLocker implements staged protection and employs multiple keys, each serving its own purpose.

According to Microsoft, raw data is encrypted with the full volume encryption key (FVEK), which is then encrypted with the volume master key (VMK). The volume master key is in turn encrypted by one of several possible methods depending on the chosen authentication type (that is, key protectors or TPM) and recovery scenarios.

Does the VMK in this scheme looks redundant? It has its purpose. The use of intermediate key (VMK between FVEK and any key protectors) allows changing the keys without the need to re-encrypt the raw data in a case a given key protector is compromised or changed. When changing a key protector, a new VMK will be created and used to encrypt the old FVEK with the new VMK.

Where are all of these keys stored? The full volume encryption key (FVEK) is encrypted by the volume master key (VMK) and stored in the encrypted drive. The volume master key is encrypted by the appropriate key protector and also stored in the encrypted drive.

The thing is, it would not be possible to access the encrypted data if the appropriate encryption key was not stored in the computer’s volatile memory (RAM). While the BitLocker volume is mounted, the volume master key (VMK) resides in the computer’s RAM. By creating a memory dump and extracting the VMK from that dump with Elcomsoft Forensic Disk Decryptor, experts can instantly mount or quickly decrypt the content of the volume regardless of the type of protector used.

BitLocker Protector Types

BitLocker volumes (or, rather, the volume master keys) can be protected with various methods called protectors. With some of these protectors, the protection is hardware bound. As a result, in order to unlock the volume and decrypt the data, you will need either the original piece of hardware (and possibly other credentials); the brute force attack will not be feasible. Let us check which key protectors exist, how they are used, and how to approach the attack of a BitLocker volume protected with a given protector type.

You can determine the types of protectors enabled for a given BitLocker volume by executing the following command while the volume is mounted:

manage-bde -protectors -get X:

where X: would be the drive letter. (Source: BitLocker: Use BitLocker Drive Encryption Tools to manage BitLocker).

TPM only

This is by far the most used protector type on portable devices such as notebooks, Windows tablets and two-in-ones. Your system will boot to login prompt; the VMK will be decrypted with a storage root key (SRK) that is stored in the TPM (or Intel PTT) module and only releases if the system passes the Secure Boot check. This is the most convenient option that effectively protects hard drives but offers weaker protection if the intruder has access to the whole system (computer with TPM and the hard drive).

It is important to understand that a fully encrypted BitLocker volume will be automatically mounted and unlocked during the Windows boot process, long before the user signs in to the system with their Windows credentials. The TPM module will release the encryption metadata and decrypt the protected volume master key (VMK) automatically during the boot sequence, as shown in the image below.

This allows performing a quite unique attack often called the ‘cold boot attack. The attacker would start the computer and wait while the system boots up. By the time the computer presents the login prompt, the BitLocker volume would be already mounted, and the VMK decrypted and stored in the computer’s RAM. The attacker would then dump the content of the computer’s volatile memory (by using a side attack or by physically removing the modules), extract VMK and decrypt the volume.

Attack vectors: Since there is no user-selectable password, attacking TPM only BitLocker volumes requires either of the following.

BitLocker Recovery Key. Windows creates a recovery key automatically when encrypting BitLocker volumes with BitLocker Device Protection; such recovery keys are automatically (and silently) uploaded into the user’s Microsoft Account. You may be able to request that key from Microsoft or download it by signing in to the user’s Microsoft Account and visiting the following link: https://account.microsoft.com/devices/recoverykey
BitLocker Recovery Key. Additional options may exist depending on the environment (e.g. Active Directory): Finding your BitLocker recovery key in Windows 10
Cold boot attack. BitLocker in its default configuration uses a trusted platform module that neither requires a pin, nor an external key to decrypt the disk. When the operating system boots, BitLocker retrieves the key from the TPM, without any user interaction. Consequently, you may be able to simply power on the machine, wait for the operating system to begin booting and then execute a cold boot attack against the machine to retrieve the key. Note that this attack is unavailable if an unavailable protector type was used in addition to TPM.
RAM dump. If you have access to the user’s computer, and you are able to sign in on that computer or obtain a memory dump via a FireWire/Thunderbolt attack, you may be able to retrieve the encryption keys cached in memory. Elcomsoft Forensic Disk Decryptor has tools for both dumping the memory and analyzing memory dumps.

TPM + PIN

In this mode, the TPM module will only release the encryption key if you correctly type the PIN code during pre-boot phase. Even though the PIN code is short, entering the wrong PIN several times makes TPM panic and block access to the encryption key. This option arguably offers the best balance between security and convenience, combining “something that you have” (the TPM module) with “something that you know” (the PIN code). At the same time, this option may not be convenient in multi-user environments.

Attack vectors: Since TPM+PIN is an interactive mode, you will be required to produce the correct PIN, which then must be entered on the computer containing the TPM module. Note that brute-forcing the PIN may not be an option since all TPM vendors provide built-in protection against such attacks. Unless you are able to circumvent this protection, recovering the PIN may not be possible.

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